24 research outputs found

    Walking training improves systemic and local pathophysiological processes in intermittent claudication

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    Objective: This study examined the impact of submaximal walking training (WT) on local and systemic nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients with intermittent claudication (IC). Methods: The study employed a randomised, controlled, parallel group design and was performed in a single centre. Thirty-two men with IC were randomly allocated to two groups: WT (n = 16, two sessions/week, 15 cycles of two minutes walking at an intensity corresponding to the heart rate obtained at the pain threshold interspersed by two minutes of upright rest) and control (CO, n = 16, two sessions/week, 30 minutes of stretching). NO bioavailability (blood NO and muscle nitric oxide synthase [eNOS]), redox homeostasis (catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], lipid peroxidation [LPO] measured in blood and muscle), and inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP], tumour necrosis factor α [TNF-α], intercellular adhesion molecules [ICAM], vascular adhesion molecules [VCAM] measured in blood and muscle) were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Results: WT statistically significantly increased blood NO, muscle eNOS, blood SOD and CAT, and muscle SOD and abolished the increase in circulating and muscle LPO observed in the CO group. WT decreased blood CRP, ICAM, and VCAM and muscle IL-6 and CRP and eliminated the increase in blood TNF-α and muscle TNF-α, ICAM and VCAM observed in the CO group. Conclusion: WT at an intensity of pain threshold improved NO bioavailability and decreased systemic and local oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with IC. The proposed WT protocol provides physiological adaptations that may contribute to cardiovascular health in these patients

    Walking training in intermittent claudication: hemodynamic, autonomic, inflammatory and oxidative stress responses at rest and after maximal walking

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    O aumento da morbimortalidade cardiovascular nos indivíduos com doença arterial periférica (DAP) e claudicação intermitente (CI) se associa a alterações hemodinâmicas, autonômicas, endoteliais, inflamatórias e de estresse oxidativo, que são inerentes ao desenvolvimento da própria doença. O treinamento de caminhada (TC) pode atenuar os processos fisiopatológicos que cursam com a doença, o que precisa ser melhor investigado. Por outro lado, a execução da caminhada até a dor máxima nesses indivíduos provoca episódios de isquemia, que geram alterações nesses processos e promovem sobrecarga cardiovascular. É possível que o TC possa atenuar essas respostas após o esforço máximo, o que também foi pouco investigado. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar, em indivíduos com DAP e CI, o efeito de um TC sobre a função e regulação cardiovasculares, bem como sobre marcadores locais (músculo) e sistêmicos (sangue) de função endotelial, estresse oxidativo e inflamação, avaliados em repouso e após uma caminhada até a dor máxima de claudicação. Para tanto, 32 homens com DAP e CI foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: TC (n = 16, 2 sessões/sem, 15 séries de 2 min de caminhada na frequência cardíaca do limiar de dor intercaladas com 2 min de pausa passiva) e controle (CO, n =16, 2 sessões/semana, 30 min alongamento). No início e ao final do estudo, os indivíduos realizaram uma caminhada máxima e as seguintes avaliações foram realizadas pré e pós-caminhada: função cardiovascular (pressão arterial - PA, frequência cardíaca - FC, duplo produto - DP); regulação autonômica cardiovascular (variabilidade da FC e da PA e sensibilidade barorreflexa - SBR); função endotelial (óxido nítrico sanguíneo - NO e óxido nítrico sintase muscular - eNOS); estresse oxidativo (catalase - CAT, superóxido dismutase - SOD, peroxidação lipídica - LPO no sangue e no músculo); e inflamação (interleucina-6 - IL-6, proteína C-reativa - PCr, fator de necrose tumoral alfa - TNF-alfa, moléculas de adesão intercelular - ICAM, moléculas de adesão vascular - VCAM no sangue e no músculo). Os dados foram avaliados pela ANOVA de 2 fatores, empregando-se o teste de post-hoc de Newman-Keuls e adotando-se P<0,05 como significante. No repouso, o TC diminuiu a sobrecarga cardiovascular (PA sistólica, PA média, FC e DP) e o balanço simpatovagal cardíaco; aumentou a SBR, a biodisponibilidade de NO, a eNOS e a defesa antioxidante (SOD e CAT no sangue; SOD no músculo), além de reduzir o perfil inflamatório (PCr, ICAM e VCAM no sangue; IL-6 e PCr no músculo) (todos, p<0,05). Em relação à resposta à caminhada máxima, o TC: 1) não modificou o aumento da sobrecarga cardiovascular ao esforço, mas diminuiu a sobrecarga absoluta após o exercício (PA sistólica, PA média e DP); 2) diminuiu a resposta do NO sanguíneo e da eNOS muscular, sem alterar os valores absolutos atingidos após o exercício; 3) não modificou a resposta e os valores absolutos pós-exercício da capacidade antioxidante (SOD e CAT) e do estresse oxidativo (LPO) sistêmicos e locais, mas impediu o aumento da LPO pós-exercício observado no grupo CO; e 4) aumentou a resposta inflamatória sistêmica e local ao exercício (TNF-alfa, ICAM e VCAM no sangue e IL-6, PCr e VCAM no músculo) com manutenção da inflamação sistêmica pós-exercício e redução da inflamação local (VCAM). Em conclusão, em homens com DAP e CI, o TC melhora a modulação autonômica e a função cardiovascular, aumenta a biodisponibilidade de NO e diminui o estresse oxidativo e a inflamação tanto sistêmicos quanto locais. Além disso, o TC, de modo geral, não altera ou mesmo reduz as respostas desses marcadores após uma caminhada até a dor máxima de claudicaçãoThe increase in cardiovascular morbimortality in individuals with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and intermittent claudication (IC) is associated with alterations in cardiovascular function, cardiac autonomic modulation, endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammation, which are processes inherent to the disease development. Walking training (WT) may attenuate these pathophysiological processes, however, knowledge about these effects of WT is scarce and controversial. On the other hand, in these individuals, a bout of walking promotes ischemic episodes that may exacerbate these processes, leading to cardiovascular overload. WT might attenuate these post-walking responses; however, these effects were also poorly studied. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate, in individuals with PAD and IC, the effects of WT on cardiovascular autonomic modulation and function as well as on blood and muscle markers of endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammation assessed at rest and after a walking until maximal leg pain. Thirty-two men with PAD and IC were randomly allocated in two groups: WT (n = 16, 2 sessions/week, 15 bouts of 2 min walking at an intensity corresponding to the heart rate of the pain threshold interspersed with 2 min of passive pause) and control (CO, n =16, 2 sessions/week, 30 min of stretching). At the beginning and end of the study, the subjects underwent a maximal walking and the following evaluations were done pre and post-exercise: cardiovascular function (blood pressure - BP, heart rate - HR, rate pressure product - RPP); cardiovascular autonomic modulation (HR and BP variabilities and baroreflex sensitivity - BRS); endothelial function (blood nitric oxide - NO and muscle nitric oxide synthase - eNOS); oxidative stress (catalase - CAT, superoxide dismutase - SOD, lipid peroxidation - LPO measured in blood and muscle); and inflammation (interleukin-6 - IL-6, C-reactive protein - CRP, tumor necrosis factor alpha - TNF-alpha, intercellular adhesion molecules - ICAM, vascular adhesion molecules - VCAM measured in blood and muscle). Data were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA, and Newman-Keuls test was used as a post-hoc. P <0.05 was set as significant. At rest, WT decreased cardiovascular overload (systolic BP, mean BP, HR and RPP) and sympathovagal balance; increased BRS, blood NO, muscle eNOS and antioxidant defence (blood SOD and CAT, and muscle SOD), besides decreasing inflammatory markers (blood CRP, ICAM and VCAM and muscle IL-6 and CRP). Concerning the response after maximal walking, WT: 1) did not change cardiovascular overload increase after the effort, but reduced the absolute post-exercise overload (systolic BP, mean BP and RPP); 2) decreased blood NO and muscle eNOS responses without changing the absolute values achieved after the exercise; 3) did not change systemic and local antioxidant (SOD and CAT) and oxidative stress (LPO) responses as well as post-exercise absolute values; but mitigated the increase in postexercise oxidative stress observed in the CO group; and 4) increased systemic and local inflammatory responses (blood TNF-alpha, ICAM e VCAM and muscle IL-6, PCr e VCAM), but did not change post-exercise absolute systemic inflammation and decreased post-exercise absolute local inflammation (VCAM). In conclusion, in men with PAD and IC, WT improves cardiovascular function and autonomic modulation, increases NO bioavailability and decreases systemic and local oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, in general, WT does not alter or even reduces these processes responses after a walking until maximal claudication pai

    On wavelet to select the parametric form of a regression model

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    We consider the problem of estimating the relationship between a response variable and a set of explanatory variates. We suppose a set of parametric forms as candidates for the aforementioned regression. Wavelet regression is used as auxiliary for the choice of the most appropriate parametric form of the model, particularly for the cases of nonlinear and generalized linear models. The use of a wavelet method for the choice of the most appropriate parametric relationship is interesting in practice for four main reasons. The first is that it provides a statistically sound method to choose the 'best' parametric model for a data set, given that no pre-determined regression form nor probability distribution are assumed to be known. On the other hand, the parametric models are easier to interpret and more convenient for prediction purposes than non-parametric ones. Moreover, since wavelet methods possess a natural data-driven shrinkage paradigm, we can ascertain that overfitting is not expected. For instance, the results show that few non-null coefficients remain after thresholding. Finally, fast wavelet methods are widely available which makes this a feasible procedure for researchers as well as data analysts. We evaluate the performance of the proposed wavelet procedure based on the correct classification rates of the underlying parametric form on a range of candidate models, taking into account a wide range of scenarios. The method is also illustrated by real data analyses. Computer codes are available asCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP309230/2017-92018/04654-

    Prevalência da hipertensão arterial e fatores associados em idosos

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    Objective: To investigate the prevalence of systemic hypertension among the elderly and verify the sociodemographic profile, risk factors and complications of elderly individuals identified with hypertension. Methods: Quantitative descriptive study, performed with 220 medical records of elderly patients in a Health Center in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, between 2011 and 2012. By applying a structured questionnaire containing sociodemographic and clinical variables, data was collected from the medical records and Hiperdia files. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and the chi-square test was applied. Results: The prevalence of hypertension in the elderly was 51.4% (n=113; IC95%). Of these, 63.7% (n=72) were female; 64.6% (n=73) were sedentary; 52.2% (n=59) were overweight; 53.1% (n=60) had abdominal obesity; 29.2% (n=33) had diabetes; 17.7% (n=20) had comorbidities and complications; 79.6% (n=90) were found with increased blood pressure in the first consultation, and 66.6% (n=60), in the last one. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension was high among the elderly assessed, being higher in some subgroups: women, low level of education, and non-white. Among the most common risk factors, the sedentary lifestyle, overweight, and abdominal obesity stand out. doi:10.5020/18061230.2014.p303Objetivo: Investigar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) en mayores y verificar el perfil sociodemográfico, factores de riesgo y complicaciones de los mayores identificados con hipertensión. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo realizado en 220 historiales clínicos de mayores de un Centro de Salud de São Luíz-MA, Brasil, entre 2011 y 2012. Se recogieron datos de los historiales clínicos y fichas del Hiperdía a través de un formulario estructurado con variables sociodemograficas y clínicas. Se realizó el análisis estadístico descriptivo con el Statistical Package for the Social Sciences y la aplicación de la prueba de Chi-cuadrado. Resultados: Se encontró la prevalencia de hipertensión en el 51,4% (n=113; IC95%) de los mayores. De ellos, el 63,7% (n=72) eran del sexo femenino; el 64,6% (n=73) sedentarios; el 52,2% (n=59) tenían sobrepeso; el 53,1% (n=60) obesidad abdominal; el 29,2% (n=33) eran diabéticos; el 17,7% (n=20) presentaban comorbidades y complicaciones; el 79,6% (n=90) presentó la presión arterial elevada en la primera consulta; y el 66,6% (n=60) en la última. Conclusión: La HAS presento elevada prevalencia en los mayores investigados, siendo la presión arterial mayor en determinados grupos: mujeres, escolaridad baja, y mayores no blancos. De los factores de riesgo más comunes, se destacaron el sedentarismo, el sobrepeso y la obesidad abdominal. doi:10.5020/18061230.2014.p303Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) em idosos e verificar perfil sociodemográfico, fatores de risco e complicações dos idosos identificados com hipertensão. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo, realizado com 220 prontuários de idosos em um Centro de Saúde de São Luís-MA, Brasil, entre 2011 e 2012. Por meio da aplicação de um formulário estruturado, coletaram-se dados dos prontuários e das fichas do Hiperdia, com variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva com o Statistical Package for the Social Sciences e aplicou-se o teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: A prevalência da hipertensão entre os idosos foi de 51,4% (n=113; IC95%). Destes, 63,7% (n=72) eram do sexo feminino; 64,6% (n=73), sedentários; 52,2% (n=59) tinham sobrepeso; 53,1% (n=60), obesidade abdominal; 29,2% (n=33) eram diabéticos; 17,7% (n=20) apresentavam comorbidades e complicações; 79,6% (n=90) estavam com a pressão arterial aumentada na primeira consulta; e 66,6% (n=60), na última. Conclusão: A HAS apresentou alta prevalência nos idosos investigados, sendo maior em determinados subgrupos: mulheres, baixa escolaridade e não brancos. Dentre os fatores de risco mais comuns, destacaram-se o sedentarismo, o sobrepeso e a obesidade abdominal. doi:10.5020/18061230.2014.p30
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